Korpus Linguistik Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Korpus Linguistik Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Korpus Linguistik Rosemary | 25 Mei 2014 [pic] 1.0 Pengenalan Apakah itu korpus linguistik? Corpus linguistik adalah satu kajian bahasa dan kaedah analisis linguistik yang menggunakan koleksi teks asli atau "sebenar perkataan" yang dikenali sebagai corpus. Corpus linguistik digunakan untuk menganalisis dan penyelidikan beberapa soalan linguistik dan menawarkan wawasan yang unik ke dalam dinamik bahasa yang telah menjadikan ia salah satu daripada metodologi linguistik yang paling banyak digunakan. Sejak corpus linguistik melibatkan penggunaan korpora besar yang terdiri daripada berjuta-juta atau kadangkala bilion kata-kata, ia banyak bergantung kepada penggunaan komputer untuk menentukan apa kaedah-kaedah mengawal bahasa dan apa patters (tatabahasa atau leksikal misalnya) berlaku. Oleh itu, ia tidak menghairankan bahawa linguistik korpus muncul dalam bentuk moden hanya selepas revolusi komputer pada 1980-an. The Brown Corpus, corpus moden dan boleh dibaca secara elektronik yang pertama, bagaimanapun, telah dicipta oleh Henry Kucera dan W. Nelson Francis seawal tahun 1960-an. 2.0 Kaedah korpus lingustik Corpus Linguistik telah menjana beberapa kaedah penyelidikan, cuba untuk mengesan laluan dari data teori. Wallis dan Nelson (2001) mula diperkenalkan apa yang mereka dipanggil perspektif 3A: Anotasi, Pengekstrakan dan Analisis. . Anotasi terdiri daripada permohonan skim untuk teks. . Pengekstrakan terdiri daripada terjemahan (pemetaan) istilah di dalam skim ini kepada terma dalam model didorong secara teori atau dataset. Pengekstrakan biasanya termasuk ahli bahasa-diarahkan carian tetapi mungkin termasuk contohnya, memerintah-pembelajaran untuk parsers. . Analisis terdiri daripada statistik menyelesaikan sesuatu, memanipulasi dan generalising dari dataset itu. Analisis mungkin termasuk penilaian statistik, pengoptimuman peraturan asas atau kaedah penemuan pengetahuan. Kebanyakan korpora leksikal hari ini adalah sebahagian-of-ucapan-tagged (POS-tagged). Walau bagaimanapun juga ahli bahasa corpus yang bekerja dengan 'teks biasa unannotated' tidak dapat tidak memohon kaedah untuk mengasingkan beberapa terma-terma penting. Dalam situasi ini anotasi dan abstraksi digabungkan dalam carian leksikal. Kelebihan menerbitkan corpus beranotasi ialah pengguna lain boleh melakukan uji kaji ke atas korpus. Ahli bahasa dengan kepentingan-kepentingan lain dan perspektif berbeza daripada ciptaan asal boleh mengeksploitasi kerja ini. Dengan berkongsi data, ahli bahasa corpus dapat merawat korpus sebagai lokus perdebatan linguistik, dan bukannya sebagai satu bentuk huruf lengkap pengetahuan. 3.0 Kelebihan korpus linguistik . Memberi akses kepada maklumat linguistik naturalistik. Seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini, korpora terdiri daripada "perkataan yang benar" teks yang kebanyakannya hasil daripada situasi kehidupan sebenar.Ini menjadikan korpora sumber kajian yang berharga untuk Dialektologi, sosiolinguistik dan gaya bahasa. . Memudahkan penyelidikan linguistik. Korpora boleh dibaca secara elektronik telah dikurangkan secara mendadak masa yang diperlukan untuk mencari perkataan atau frasa tertentu. Satu penyelidikan yang akan mengambil hari atau tahun untuk disiapkan secara manual boleh dilakukan dalam masa beberapa saat dengan tahap tertinggi ketepatan. . Membolehkan kajian pola yang lebih luas dan penempatan bersama kata- kata.Sebelum kemunculan komputer, linguistik korpus belajar hanya kata- kata tunggal dan kekerapan mereka. Teknologi moden dibenarkan kajian patters lebih luas dan penempatan bersama kata-kata. . Membolehkan analisis pelbagai parameter pada masa yang sama. Pelbagai program perisian linguistik korpus, pemasaran online dan alat-alat analitikal membenarkan penyelidik untuk menganalisis bilangan yang lebih besar daripada parameter serentak. Selain itu, banyak korpora diperkaya dengan pelbagai maklumat linguistik seperti anotasi. . Memudahkan kajian bahasa kedua. Kajian bahasa kedua dengan penggunaan bahasa semula jadi membolehkan pelajar untuk mendapatkan "perasaan" lebih baik untuk bahasa dan belajar bahasa seperti ia digunakan dalam sebenar dan bukannya "mencipta" situasi. 4.0 Kelemahan korpus lingustik . Tidak menjelaskan mengapa. Kajian korpora memberitahu kita apa dan bagaimana berlaku tetapi ia tidak memberitahu kami mengapa kekerapan perkataan tertentu telah meningkat dari masa ke masa misalnya. . Tidak mewakili keseluruhan bahasa. Korpus linguistik mengkaji bahasa dengan menggunakan korpora dipilih secara rawak atau sistematik. Mereka biasanya terdiri daripada sebilangan besar yang berlaku secara semulajadi teks, bagaimanapun, ia tidak mewakili keseluruhan bahasa. Analisis linguistik yang menggunakan kaedah dan alat linguistik korpus itu tidak mewakili keseluruhan bahasa. Deny Arnos Kwary dan Linguistik Korpus 02 March 2016 Dosen merupakan seseorang yang memiliki posisi terpenting dalam kelangsungan sistem pendidikan di setiap universitas seluruh dunia. Dosen akan selalu diharapkan agar dapat memberikan sebuah perkembangan besar dan signifikan dalam dunia akademik itu sendiri. Seakan membuktikan pernyataan tersebut, tahun ini salah seorang dosen sekaligus kepala Departemen Sastra Inggris Universitas Airlangga, Bapak Deny Arnos Kwary, tengah mengumumkan rencana penelitian besarnya yang harapannya akan menciptakan sebuah perkembangan besar dalam bidang yang beliau geluti, yaitu linguistik korpus. Penelitian tersebut berjudul Formulasi Klasifikasi Kosakata, Jenis Pemarkah Waktu, dan Bentuk Kalimat di Artikel Ilmiah Jurnal Internasional. Penelitian ini mendapatkan dana hibah dari Universitas Airlangga sebagai bentuk usaha universitas untuk meningkatkan publikasi ilmiah bagi tenaga-tenaga akademiknya. Dosen di Indonesia terus didorong untuk menggiatkan publikasi di tataran internasional. Akan tetapi, seringkali dosen kesulitan dalam mengumpulkan hasil penelitiannya ke jurnal-jurnal kelas

Using Readability Formulas

Using Readability Formulas Any readability formula is one of many methods of measuring or predicting the difficulty level of text by analyzing sample passages. A conventional readability formula measures average word length and sentence length to provide a grades and Observations, below. Five popular readability formulas are the Dale-Chall readability formula (Dale Chall 1948), the Flesch readability formula (Flesch 1948), the FOG index readability formula (Gunning 1964), the Fry readability graph (Fry, 1965), and the Spache readability formula (Spache, 1952). Examples and Observations: Because researchers have been examining readability formulas for almost 100 years, the research is comprehensive and reflects both the positive and negative aspects of formulas. Essentially, research firmly supports that sentence length, and word difficulty provide viable mechanisms for estimating difficulty, but they are imperfect. . . .As with many tools that work with normally developing readers, readability formulas may require some tweaking when the target population includes struggling readers, learning-disabled readers, or English language learners. When readers have little or no background knowledge, readability formula results may underestimate the difficulty of the material for them, particularly for English language learners. (Heidi Anne E. Mesmer, Tools for Matching Readers to Texts: Research-Based Practices. The Guilford Press, 2008) Readability Formulas and Word Processors Today many widely used word processors offer readability formulas along with spell checkers and grammar checkers. Microsoft Word provides a Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Many teachers use the Lexile Framework, a scale from 0 to 2000 that is based on average sentence length and average word frequency of texts found in an extensive database, the American Heritage Intermediate Corpus (Carroll, Davies, Richman, 1971). The Lexile Framework circumvents the need to perform ones own calculations. (Melissa Lee Farrall, Reading Assessment: Linking Language, Literacy, and Cognition. John Wiley Sons, 2012) Readability Formulas and Textbook Selection There are probably more than 100 readability formulas currently in use today. They are widely used by teachers and administrators as a way of predicting if a text is written at a level appropriate for the students who will use it. While we can say with relative ease that readability formulas are fairly reliable, we need to be cautious in using them. As Richardson and Morgan (2003) point out, readability formulas are useful when textbook selection committees need to make a decision but have no students available to try out the materials on, or when teachers want to assess materials that students may be asked to read independently. Basically, a readability formula is a quick and easy way to determine the grade level of written material. However, we must remember that it is only one measure, and the grade level obtained is only a predictor and thus may not be exact (Richardson and Morgan, 2003). (Roberta L. Sejnost and Sharon Thiese, Reading and Writing Across Content Areas, 2nd ed. Cor win Press, 2007) The Misuse of Readability Formulas as Writing Guides One source of opposition to readability formulas is that they are sometimes misused as writing guides. Because formulas tend to have just two major inputs- word length or difficulty, and sentence length- some authors or editors have taken just these two factors and modified writing. They sometimes end up with a bunch of short choppy sentences and moronic vocabulary and say that they did it because of a readability formula. Formula writing, they sometimes call it. This is a misuse of any readability formula. A readability formula is intended to be used after the passage is written to find out for whom it is suitable. It is not intended as a writers guide.(Edward Fry, Understanding the Readability of Content Area Texts. Content Area Reading and Learning: Instructional Strategies, 2nd ed., edited by Diane Lapp, James Flood, and Nancy Farnan. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004)Dont bother with the readability statistics. . . . The averages of sentences per paragraph, words per sentence, and characte rs per word have little relevance. The Passive Sentences, Flesch Reading Ease, and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level are computed statistics that dont accurately assess how easy or hard the document is to read. If you want to know whether a document is hard to understand, ask a colleague to read it. (Ty Anderson and Guy Hart-Davis, Beginning Microsoft Word 2010. Springer, 2010) Also Known As: readability metrics, readability test

Organisational Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Theory - Essay Example Needless to say, the resultant assumption is that public sector organisations should undergo a process of organisational restructuring as would allow for the adoption of more efficient and effective management paradigms. There are, however, two problems in the above stated. The first is that the notion of decentralised organisational structures as being more inherently suited for the adoption of total quality and other management paradigms which allow for efficient and effective proactive responses to shifting external environmental conditions, than are centralised organisational structures, is fallacious and based on assumptions and not fact (Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The second is that, ultimately, organisational structure must be consciously selected on the basis of that which is most suitable for the organisation in question, the culture which it aspires to and the demands of the industry in which it is located and the market which it serves. As a strategy for determining the relationship between organisational structure and organisational performance, the research will critically analyse both of centralised and decentralised organisational structures, together with a review of ... ave determined that public sector organisations are largely modelled after the traditional bureaucratic organisational structure, as influenced by Weber (Gibson, 1966; Cane and Thurston, 2000; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The implication is that all of the four components of organisational structure-labour division, departmentalisation, span of control and scope of decision-making-are shaped by bureaucratic-traditionalist managerial theory. This, according to numerous management scholars, has only served to offset an organisation's inherent capacity for flexible response to changing external conditions and has, in the long run, resulted in the formulation of mechanistic and atrophying organisations (Gibson, 1966; Ford and Slocum, 1977; Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). As explained by Flynn (2002) among others, labour division within the public sector organisation is invariably highly specialised. Task specialisations are clearly articulated and each employee has a specific set of job functions, clearly set out in his/her job description, which he/she must operate by (Bourgeois, 1984; Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002). While the advantages of specialisation and clearly articulated job descriptions are practically too numerous to articulate, the disadvantages are enormous. Certainly specialisation implies that employees are often matched to jobs according to their skill-sets and explicit job descriptions mean that employees always have a clear understanding of the tasks they are required to perform and know the boundaries of their professional responsibilities (Bourgeois, 1984; Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002; Mctavish, 2004). Excessive specialisation, however, as is often the case with private sector organisations

Hot Wheels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hot Wheels - Essay Example The Hot Wheels website offers numerous video advertising spots depicting products such as an attacking octopus racetrack, a racetrack that purposely brings cars together to crash, skateboarding figures, a working radar gun and a racing timer. Each of these activities may be equally attractive to girls as they are to boys. Go to any cross country meet and you will find usually more girls running than boys – a fact that indicates girls may be just as interested in toys such as the racing timer to stage their own competitions or the radar gun to clock their speed. BMX and skateboard parks are usually populated with a relatively even mix of female and male participants, yet there isn’t even a hint of them associated with the skateboarding toys. Women are now even able to race in NASCAR. All of the commercials available illustrate that the toys are intended to be used by boys only. In each commercial featuring children, the children are invariably all male. Even in the octopus racetrack, when a crowd of people is shown at the end of the pier, there are no recognizable female figures among the children and adults fleeing the scene. These commercials are so exclusively male that there aren’t even any girls watching the action, such as standing at the sidelines of an impromptu race.

J.D Salinger’s Franny and Zooey Essay -- J.D Salinger’s Franny and Zoo

The Pessimistic and Bitter Franny Glass of J.D Salinger’s Franny and Zooey Young adulthood is often a time for maturing spiritually. Franny Glass, the protagonist of J.D Salinger’s novel, Franny and Zooey, began to question her religious beliefs, during this time of spiritual growth. Franny’s quest for religion caused her to become pessimistic, bitter, and emotionally unstable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franny held many strong beliefs that caused her to view her surroundings pessimistically. After spending three years contently in college, Franny changed her view of the college experience. She decided that college was â€Å"one more dopey inane place in the world.'; (Salinger, 146) She failed to see college as a place that allows one to increase his or her knowledge and independence. Similarly, she thought â€Å"that just because [she] wanted enlightenment or peace instead of prestige or fame-doesn’t mean that [she was] not as egotistical and self seeking as everybody else.';(Salinger, 149) Instead of looking for the positive qualities in others, she made a generalization that all people are egotistical and self-seeking. Additionally, she â€Å"raved and bitched about the stupidity of [her] audiences [and their] unskilled laughter.';(Salinger, 199) Despite the fact that the audiences were supporting Franny by watching her perform, she insists all audien ces are stupid. Franny’s religious quest caused her to view her surroundings pessimistically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franny was worried by her questions concerning religion...

Electronic Health Records

In this paper this student will discuss the national mandate of electronic health records (EHR), and how this mandate is being implemented at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Also discussed are how Cleveland Clinic is progressing to achieve EHR, and what challenges this brings to patient confidentiality and self-determination. Lastly this student will provide information on the benefits of EHR in healthcare. According to Gunter & Terry (2005), â€Å"The electronic health record (EHR) is an evolving concept defined as a longitudinal collection of electronic health information about individual patients and populations. Primarily, it will be a mechanism for integrating health care information currently collected in both paper and electronic medical records (EMR) for the purpose of improving quality of care†. (p. 1). Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), and the American Health Information Community (AHIC) were created to oversee the EHR mandate that was set in place by President George Bush in 2004 (Simborg, 2008, p. 127) This goal has now transitioned to our current President, Barack Obama, who also is setting the goal for the year 2014. Electronic health records are set to take place of traditional paper records with the help of this initiative. The ability to have every healthcare organization operating with electronic health records serves numerous benefits for not only patients but healthcare providers. Some of the benefits include, additional patient safety, ability to communicate and collaborate with other healthcare providers, and the longevity of electronic health records. Patient safety is at the utmost importance to healthcare providers, and EHR enables providers to have an in-depth history of their patients, leading to better care and treatment. Due to patients receiving care from many different health care providers, this can act as a barrier when trying to maintain a collaborative process. By adopting EHR this enables all providers to participate in the care of the patient. When discussing the longevity EHR serves in our society Tang, Ash, Bates, Overhage, & Sands (2006), states â€Å"The 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster exposed the fragility of America's health information infrastructure. When confronted by a hurricane, an avian flu pandemic, or a bioterrorism attack, the public needs to be able to depend on reliable access to their health information† (p. 27). If healthcare corporations adopt EHR, there will be no threat of patient medical records disappearing. After stating the goals of EHR, and the benefits it serves, this student will now discuss how EHR is being utilized at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. One could say that the Cleveland Clinic were innovators in EHR, being one of the first institutions to ado pt EHR more than eleven years ago. According to Cleveland Clinic (2012), EHR is â€Å"enabling physicians to actively collaborate and exchange information to ensure appropriate coordination of care throughout a patient’s life†. MyChart has also been a large milestone in development as part of Cleveland Clinics adoption of EHR. MyChart gives patients access to medical records, test results, and physician notes through a portal on the internet that can be accessed at home online. â€Å"MyChart, Cleveland Clinic’s secure, online patient-centered recording tool, connects patients to personalized health information at any time† (Cleveland Clinic, 2010). One benefit MyChart gives to patients is the ability for them to participate in decisions and their care. While analyzing Cleveland Clinics utilization and plans for EHR, this student was able to evaluate strengths and weaknesses. Some strengths of the Cleveland Clinics plans for EHR include their development and growth of the EHR system, the innovation developed into the current plan, and the ability to incorporate patients into their healthcare. Being that Cleveland Clinic was one of the first institutions to start the process of adopting EHR, they in return have the biggest ability to grow, and develop their system. Cleveland Clinic has shown such innovation in their process that other institutions have sought help from them for development of their own system. In an article by the Plain Dealer (Kleinerman, 2013) the chief information officer at Glens Falls Hospital, Joan McFaul stated â€Å"Our relationship with Cleveland Clinic will advance information technology best practices at GFH, and we will benefit by having access to a broad base of knowledge and the expertise of one of the country's premier health systems†. When Cleveland Clinic developed MyChart, this plays a role in the patient self-determination act, being that the patients constantly have the ability to be informed about their healthcare, and to take part in any decision making. A weakness of the EHR system in place at the Cleveland Clinic includes the risk of confidentiality. Even though the ability to access health records online has numerous benefits, the ability that such records could become hacked always poses a risk. The health records are protected by a username and password through the Cleveland Clinic website. With all of the technological advances it seems as though it is becoming easier and easier for unknown people to access personal information. This student believes that more precautions should be taken when a patient’s confidentiality is at risk. This student also believes more information should be needed to access health records online, instead of just a username and password that provides little security. After reviewing the EHR mandate, and the benefits it serves to healthcare institutions, this student believes that if more institutions adopted this system it would ultimately give better patient care. Also after further research into Cleveland Clinics development of EHR, this student feels the growth of this system in endless. While there are some flaws to this system, with time EHR at Cleveland Clinic could ultimately become one of the nation’s leaders that other institutions wish to learn from.

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 BY SAQUILAYAN - 2009 Words

Introduction Chapter 1 ( Introduction to Sociology Anthropology by Dr. Victorio Saquilayan) Discussant: Prof. Ferdinand Dupaya Salagan, BSEd, MA,MPA,PhD(c.) Associate Professor V Sociology †¢ Is also concerned with repetitive and recurrent forms of behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms and social institutions that make up the social order ( Panopio Rolda, 2000) Social Interactions: †¢ The responses between individuals are perhaps the basic sociological concepts because such interactions are the elementary components of all relationships. †¢ These interactions can be examined from both MICRO and MACRO perspectives, though neither can be divorced from the other. MICROSOCIOLOGISTS †¢ Are those who concentrate on the details of†¦show more content†¦-( Howard Hattis, 1992) Branches of Anthropology †¢ 1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Also known as Biological Anthropology. - Deals with man’s biological foundations, race evolution, racial classifications, differentiation. - Study of man’s physical characteristics, the processes by which the biological changes occur, the resultant human variations. ( Palispis, 2007) Branches of Anthropology †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Subdisciplines of Physical Anthropology: a. racial history – study of human races B. paleontology – deals with the origin of man; †¢ C. Human Genetics – study of various ways of inheritance that take place in man. Branches of Anthropology †¢ 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Also known as Social Anthropology. - Deals with one of the most significant revolutionary concepts in the Social Sciences – the concept of CULTURE. Branches of Anthropology †¢ 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Cultural Anthropologists, study technology or material culture, economic life, community organizations, family life, clans, secret societies, government law, magic, religion, the arts and all other forms of cultural behavior. Branches of Anthropology †¢ 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Culture can be defined as: - way of life of a people which had been learned; - shared and - transmitted from one generation to another - by means of language symbols. Branches of Anthropology †¢ 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Subdivisions of Cultural Anthropology: - A. Ethnography – pure